医学动画:类风湿性关节炎
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Bones provide support for the body and aid it's movement.
骨骼支撑身体，并帮助活动。
The place where two or more bones meet is called joint. Joints maybe immoveable, slightly moveable, or freely moveable. A synovial membrane surrounds moveable joints. Inside the membrane, synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes joint tissue, such as cartilage.
两个或多个骨骼相遇之处称为关节。关节有不能活动的，也有能轻微活动的，还有能灵活活动的。可活动关节的周围包绕有滑膜。在滑膜内，滑液润滑关节并营养关节内的组织，比如软骨。
Articular cartilage is a tough slippery covering of ends of the bones, which allows smooth joint movement.
关节软骨是包在骨端的坚硬又光滑的组织，使关节能够灵活地活动。
Joints give the body flexibility, precision of movement, and helping supporting the body's weight.
关节使身体能灵活而精确地活动，并帮助支撑身体的重量。
Arthritis is any disorders that affects joint. It can cause pain and inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis is the second most common type of arthritis. The joints most commonly affected are the wrists, hands, knees, ankles and feet. It typically occurs at the same joint on both sides of the body. It can also affect other organs in the body, such as the eyes, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, nervous system and digestive tract.
关节炎是累及关节的病变，会引起疼痛和炎症。类风湿性关节炎是第二常见的一种关节炎。最常受累的关节是腕关节、手、膝关节、踝关节以及足，往往在身体两侧的同一关节发病。它也会累及身体的其它器官，比如眼睛、皮肤、心脏、肺、肾、神经系统和消化道。
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder, this means the body attacks itself by mistake. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks joints and organ tissues.
类风湿性关节炎是自身免疫性疾病，也就是说人体错误地对自己进行攻击。在类风湿性关节炎，免疫系统攻击关节和脏器组织。
Here is how it happens. The white blood cells of the immune system move into the joint. They release chemicals called cytokines, which attack the cells of the synovial membrane.
我们来看看这是如何发生的。免疫系统的白细胞移动到关节，它们释放称为细胞因子的化学物质，攻击滑膜的细胞。
These chemicals cause synovial cells to release other destructive substances. They also cause the synovial membrane to grow new blood vessels and form a thickened area called a pannus.
这些化学物质导致滑膜细胞释放其它破坏性物质，还会导致滑膜生长新的血管，使局部增厚，称为滑膜翳。
Over time, as the pannus grows, it invades and distroies areas of cartilage and bone inside the joint. Inflammation causes fluid build up in the joint making the joint swell.
久而久之，随着滑膜翳的生长，它会侵犯并破坏部分软骨和关节内的骨。炎症导致关节内积液并引起关节肿胀。
Eventually, without treatmeat, the joint space narrows, and ankylosis can occur. Ankylosis is fusion or growing together of bones in the joint. This results in the loss of ability to move the joint.
最终，如果没有进行治疗，关节间隙会变窄，并发生强直。关节强直是关节内的骨头融合或生长在一起。这就导致关节失去了活动的能力。
There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. However, doctors commonly prescribe varies combination of the following medications that when take together can reduce inflammation and pain, and slow down joint damage. These include: non-steroid anti-inflammation drugs(NSAIDs), steroids, and standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). If standard DMARDs aren't working, doctors may prescibe new drugs, calle Biologics(also known as Biologic DMARDs).
目前还没有能够治愈类风湿性关节炎的方法。然而，医生往往会联合使用下列各类药物，减轻炎症和疼痛，减缓关节的破坏。这些药物包括：非甾体类消炎药（NSAIDs）、激素、标准的缓解疾病的抗风湿药（DMARDs）。如果标准的抗风湿药不起作用，医生可能会使用一些新药，称为生物制剂或抗风湿生物制剂。
Physical and occupational therapy along with low-impact exercises can increase muscle strength and help keep joints limber.
物理疗法及职业疗法及低强度的锻炼，能够增强肌肉力量，并有助于保持关节灵活性。
For severe rheumoatoid arthritis, that has not been helped by other treatments, a doctor may recommend surgical procedure. For example, a joint replacement procedure(also known as an arthroplasty), may be recommended. For joint that is difficult to replace, joint fusion, also known as arthrodesis, may be recommended. During this procedure, the joint is removed, and the bones are fused together with bone graft.
且 对于那些其它治疗无效的严重的类风湿性关节炎，医生可能会推荐外科手术，例如关节置换手术（也称为关节成形术）。对于难以置换的关节，可能推荐进行关节融合术（或称关节固定术）。在这个手术中，关节被切除，用植骨材料将骨头融合在一起。
Another surgical procedure for severe rheumatoid is a synovectomy. During this procedure, the synovial membrane surrounding the joint is removed. In some cases, an arthritic joint may need to be replaced with an artificial joint.
另一种用于治疗严重类风湿性关节炎的外科是滑膜切除术。在这个手术中，关节周围的滑膜被切除。在有些病例，患关节炎的关节需要用人工关节进行置换。
For more information, talk to your doctor.
更多信息，请咨询您的医生。
（胡佰文 听译）
